Stable-isotope probing of bacterial community for dissolved inorganic carbon utilization in Microcystis aeruginosa-dominated eutrophic water

Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is an important source of carbon in aquatic ecosystems, especially under conditions of increased frequency of cyanobacterial bloom. However, the importance of bacteria in direct or indirect utilization of DIC has been widely overlooked in eutrophic freshwater. To identify the functional bacteria that can actively utilize DIC in eutrophic freshwater during cyanobacterial bloom, stable-isotope probing (SIP) experiments were conducted on eutrophic river water with or without inoculation with cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa). Our 16S rRNA sequencing results revealed the significance of Betaproteobacteria, with similar relative abundance as Alphaproteobacteria, in the active assimilation of H¹³CO₃^? into their DNA directly or indirectly, which include autotrophic genera Betaproteobacterial ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. Other bacterial groups containing autotrophic members, e.g. Planctomycetes and Nitrospira, also presented higher abundance among free-living bacteria in water without cyanobacteria. Microcystis aggregates showed a preference for some specific bacterial members that may utilize H¹³CO₃^? metabolized by Microcystis as organic matter, e.g. Bacteroidetes (Cytophagales, Sphingobacteriales), and microcystin-degrading bacteria Betaproteobacteria (Paucibacter/Burkholderiaceae). This study provides some valuable information regarding the functional bacteria that can actively utilize DIC in eutrophic freshwater.     

Removal characteristics of microplastics by Fe-based coagulants during drinking water treatment

Microplastics have caused great concern worldwide recently due to their ubiquitous presence within the marine environment. Up to now, most attention has been paid to their sources, distributions, measurement methods, and especially their eco-toxicological effects. With microplastics being increasingly detected in freshwater, it is urgently necessary to evaluate their behaviors during coagulation and ultrafiltration (UF) processes. Herein, the removal behavior of polyethylene (PE), which is easily suspended in water and is the main component of microplastics, was investigated with commonly used Fe-based salts. Results showed that although higher removal efficiency was induced for smaller PE particles, low PE removal efficiency (below 15%) was observed using the traditional coagulation process, and was little influenced by water characteristics. In comparison to solution pH, PAM addition played a more important role in increasing the removal efficiency, especially anionic PAM at high dosage (with efficiency up to 90.9%). The main reason was ascribed to the dense floc formation and high adsorption ability because of the positively charged Fe-based flocs under neutral conditions. For ultrafiltration, although PE particles could be completely rejected, slight membrane fouling was caused owing to their large particle size. The membrane flux decreased after coagulation; however, the membrane fouling was less severe than that induced by flocs alone due to the heterogeneous nature of the cake layer caused by PE, even at high dosages of Fe-based salts. Based on the behavior exhibited during coagulation and ultrafiltration, we believe these findings will have potential application in drinking water treatment.     

流域水质预警体系研究与应用进展

流域水质预警是水质监控管理的重要组成部分,完善的流域水质预警体系可为流域水污染处理提供充足时间和所需信息,有效削减水污染对水环境造成的影响.对国内外的流域水质预警体系研究进展分别从预警体系目标、预警指标、预警阈值及模拟模型4个方面进行了综述,并且对目前国内外典型流域水质预警体系进行了分析.结果表明:流域水质预警体系目标主要从流域水体功能和水体污染风险2个方面进行考虑;预警指标可分为物化和生物毒性指标2类,生物毒性指标可弥补物化指标的不足,但不能完全替代,二者联合并施是未来预警指标筛选的发展方向;预警阈值的制定依据环境质量标准、排放标准、水质现状及污染源特征等信息,采用单指标多次报警、多指标联合报警或物化与生物毒性指标联合报警等方式,可提高预警体系的稳定和可靠性;污染物迁移转化模型已有一些成熟应用,但大部分模型依然需要大量的参数和历史数据才能保证准确性,因此对于大型流域难以适用.目前我国还未有国家层面完整的流域水质预警体系和相关流程在应用,特别是缺乏可靠的污染物迁移转化模型.未来应从建立典型流域水质预警体系着手,集成地方流域成熟应用的污染物迁移转化模型,逐步完善国家层面的流域水质预警体系,为我国流域水质安全提供保障.      

雄安新区水环境中对羟基苯甲酸酯含量及风险

于2019年6月对雄安新区和保定市周边地区地表水和地下水进行采样,分析水环境中7种对羟基苯甲酸酯（parabens）组分的含量水平及生态风险.结果表明：对羟基苯甲酸甲酯（MeP）和对羟基苯甲酸丙酯（PrP）的检出率为100%;地表水中的主要组分为MeP,占比达93.4%,地下水中的主要组分为MeP,对羟基苯甲酸乙酯（EtP）和PrP,三者占比达98.0%;地下水中parabens的含量水平高于地表水;地表水中parabens的浓度呈白洋淀下游高于上游的空间分布特征,而地下水中的parabens总量在安新县境内较高,平均浓度可达10.1ng/L;总体而言,当前雄安新区水环境中parabens的污染程度较低、生态风险较小.本文可为未来雄安新区建设中的水环境管理提供污染水平参比值和决策依据,也可为雄安新区水环境中其它药品和个人护理品（PPCPs）的污染研究提供参考.     

土壤农用地膜微生物降解研究进展

地膜可保持土壤湿度,调节土壤温度及限制杂草生长从而促进农作物增产,在现代农业生产中具有不可或缺的作用.然而,地膜主要成分聚乙烯（PE）性质稳定,难以降解,极易在农田土壤中残留并积累.此外,地膜在生产过程中添加邻苯二甲酸酯类（PAEs）作为塑化剂,该类有机物极易在土壤和水体环境中积累和迁移,且生物毒性大,对生态环境、粮食安全和人体健康构成极大威胁.聚乙烯和邻苯二甲酸酯复合污染是土壤有机污染治理的重点和难点.因此,农用地膜污染土壤修复是环境科学研究的重要课题,亦是作物生产安全和人类健康的重要保障.微生物降解的生物修复较物理化学技术具有效率高、无二次污染、成本低、环境扰动小等优点,具有广泛应用前景.由此,本文综述农用地膜使用和土壤残留现状及其生物降解的研究进展,以期为地膜污染农田土壤的生物修复提供基础信息和技术参考.     

新冠疫情严控期间南京市空气质量

为研究2020年初新冠疫情严控措施对南京市空气质量的影响,选取1月25日~2月10日（疫情严控期）南京及周边省会城市空气质量监测数据,与5a同期数据进行对比,分析时空分布特征.结果表明,疫情停工期间,降水量同比下降,大气扩散条件为近5a较差水平,但除O₃浓度不降反升外,其他主要污染物PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂和CO浓度均达近5a最低值,分别为36,44,5,22μg/m³和1.1mg/m³.通过推算疫情停工期间本地减排措施的“净环境效益”,严控使得PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂和CO分别下降了41.7%、45.3%、14.3%、43.5%、18.2%,O₃浓度上升了4.8%.从空间上分析,南京市SO₂浓度及其同比降幅在长三角省会城市内排名第1,其他污染物改善情况处于中等水平.从日变化可知,PM_2.5和PM₁₀日变化由双峰型变为单峰型,夜间未出现次峰值.O₃夜间浓度明显升高,原因是交通源的大幅削减使NO对O₃的滴定反应降低,而白天O₃浓度峰值取决于VOCs和NO_x的减排比例.     

油气田设备多相流冲蚀磨损主控因素研究进展

针对油气田开发过程中,大量设备/管道承受高压/高流速多相流体中固相颗粒的冲蚀磨损作用,易导致损伤失效情况,系统梳理了国内外对材料冲蚀磨损主控因素的研究成果,着重分析了金属材料力学特性、多相流体特性、固相颗粒特性和冲蚀磨损条件等4类因素对金属材料冲蚀速率的影响规律,指出了当前油气田设备多相流冲蚀磨损主控因素研究在分析方法方面仍存在不足,并为后续研究工况设置、实验装置使用方式提出了建议。     

Measurement of heterogeneous uptake of NO2 on inorganic particles, sea water and urban grime

Heterogeneous reactions of NO₂ on different surfaces play an important role in atmospheric NO_x removal and HONO formation, having profound impacts on photochemistry in polluted urban areas. Previous studies have suggested that the NO₂ uptake on the ground or aerosol surfaces could be a dominant source for elevated HONO during the daytime. However, the uptake behavior of NO₂ varies with different surfaces, and different uptake coefficients were used or derived in different studies. To obtain a more holistic picture of heterogeneous NO₂ uptake on different surfaces, a series of laboratory experiments using different flow tube reactors was conducted, and the NO₂ uptake coefficients (γ) were determined on inorganic particles, sea water and urban grime. The results showed that heterogeneous reactions on those surfaces were generally weak in dark conditions, with the measured γ varied from <10^?8 to 3.2 × 10^?7 under different humidity. A photo-enhanced uptake of NO₂ on urban grime was observed, with the obvious formation of HONO and NO from the heterogeneous reaction. The photo-enhanced γ was measured to be 1.9 × 10^?6 at 5% relative humidity (RH) and 5.8 × 10^?6 at 70% RH on urban grime, showing a positive RH dependence for both NO₂ uptake and HONO formation. The results demonstrate an important role of urban grime in the daytime NO₂-to-HONO conversion, and could be helpful to explain the unknown daytime HONO source in the polluted urban area.     

Impacts of cadmium addition on the alteration of microbial community and transport of antibiotic resistance genes in oxytetracycline contaminated soil

The large-scale development in livestock feed industry has increased the chances of antibiotics and heavy metals contamination in the soil. The fate of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and microbial community in heavy metals and antibiotic contaminated soil is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of cadmium (Cd) addition on the transport of ARGs, microbial community and human pathogenic bacteria in oxytetracycline (OTC) contaminated soil. Results showed that the addition of OTC significantly increased the abundance of ARGs and intI1 in the soil and lettuce tissues. The addition of Cd to OTC treated soil further increased the abundance and translocation of ARGs and intI1. Moreover, Cd promoted the transfer of potential human pathogenic bacteria (HPB) into lettuce tissues. Compared with O10 treatment, the addition of Cd decreased the concentration of OTC in soil and lettuce tissue, but slightly increased the fresh weight of lettuce tissues. Redundancy analysis indicated that bacterial community succession is a major factor in ARGs variation. Network analysis indicated that the main host bacteria of ARGs were mainly derived from Proteobacteria. Correlation analysis showed that intI1 was significantly correlated with tetG, tetC, sul1, sul2, ermX, and ermQ. Meanwhile, potential HPB (Clostridium, and Burkholderia) was significantly correlated with intI1 and eight ARGs (tetG, tetC, tetW, tetX, sul1, sul2, ermX, and ermQ.). The findings of this study suggest that the addition of heavy metals to agricultural fields must be considered in order to reduce the transfer of ARGs in the soil and crops.     

磁性硅藻土负载纳米过氧化钙对水中磷酸盐吸附

本研究以磁性硅藻土为载体,负载纳米过氧化钙(CaO_2),制备了一种可高效吸附磷酸盐且可回收的复合材料(MDCP),并利用SEM、EDX-mapping、XRD、XDS和VSM等技术对MDCP的微观形貌、内部结构、晶体组成以及元素组成进行了表征.结果表明,MDCP表面成功负载了CaO_2,并具有良好的磁性. MDCP对水中磷酸盐的吸附数据符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,根据Langmuir模型确定当T=20℃时MDCP对水中磷酸盐的最大单位吸附容量为191. 84 mg·g~(-1).吸附等温线与吸附动力学的结果表明,MDCP对磷酸盐的吸附过程属于化学吸附. pH对MDCP吸附磷酸盐具有显著的影响,MDCP对磷酸盐的有效吸附pH范围为4～10,且MDCP对溶液pH具有调节效果,可使溶液pH保持在7～9的水平.当溶液共存Cl-、SO_4~(2-)、CO3_~(2-)、HCO_3~(2-)、F-和NO_3~-等阴离子时,MDCP对水中磷酸盐仍具有良好的选择吸附性.回收后的MDCP可用HCl溶液对其吸附的磷酸盐进行解吸,解吸后的MDCP再次负载CaO_2后对磷酸盐去除率仍可达到初次吸附量的70%.